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Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis and Treatment – Complete Study Guide

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Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis and Treatment – Complete Study Guide 1. Definition Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. These cells can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs through blood or lymphatic system. 2. Important Terms Tumor Any abnormal swelling, lump, or mass in the body. Neoplasm Abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells. 3. Types of Tumors 1. Benign Tumor Non-cancerous Slow growing Do not invade surrounding tissues Usually removable by surgery Named with suffix –oma Example Fibroma 2. Malignant Tumor Cancerous tumor Rapid uncontrolled growth Invades surrounding tissues Can metastasize Suffix used: Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Example Hepatocarcinoma Mammary carcinoma 4. Types of Cancer 1. Carcinoma Cancer arising from epithelial tissue (skin or organ lining) Examples Lung cancer Colon cancer 2. Sarcoma Cancer of connective tissues Examples Bone Muscle F...
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Obesity – Causes, Types, Pathophysiology, Complications and Prevention

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Obesity – Causes, Types, Pathophysiology, Complications and Prevention 1. Introduction Obesity is one of the most common lifestyle disorders in modern society. It occurs when excess body fat accumulates in the body, which can negatively affect health and increase the risk of many diseases. The word Obesity comes from the Latin word “Obesus”, which means fat or stout. Due to sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and reduced physical activity, the number of obese individuals is increasing rapidly worldwide. 2. Definition of Obesity Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excessive body fat accumulates to the extent that it impairs health and reduces life expectancy.  One of the most common methods to define obesity is Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI Classification Normal weight: 18.5 – 24.9 Overweight: 25 – 29.9 Obesity: BMI ≥ 30 BMI is calculated by: BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m²) 3. Difference Between Overweight and Obesity Overweight Overweight refers to increased body ...
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Tuberculosis (TB) : Exam point of view in detail

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Tuberculosis (TB) : Exam point of view in detail  1. Definition Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lungs (Pulmonary TB) but can also affect other organs (Extrapulmonary TB). T B is the world's second most common cause of death from infectious disease after HIV /AIDS 2. Causative Agent Organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type: Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) Characteristics Rod-shaped bacterium Slow growing Resistant due to waxy cell wall Can remain dormant in body 3. Risk Factors Important factors increasing TB risk: HIV infection Diabetes mellitus Malnutrition Low body weight Silicosis End stage kidney disease Cancer and chemotherapy Leukemia Genetic susceptibility Immunosuppressive drugs Overcrowding Poor ventilation 4. Mode of Transmission Tuberculosis spreads mainly through the airborne route. When a person with active pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, laughs, or talks, tiny droplets containing TB bacter...
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Karveer (Indian Oleander): An Ayurvedic and Toxicological Perspective

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Karveer (Indian Oleander): An Ayurvedic and Toxicological Perspective Category: Agadtantra (Toxicology)  Bams 2 nd year INTRODUCTION Karveer, commonly known as Indian Oleander, is a fascinating yet potent plant deeply rooted in both ornamental gardening and ancient Ayurvedic toxicology (Agadtantra). While its vibrant flowers are a common sight across India, every part of this evergreen shrub carries significant biological activity and potential toxicity Botanical Name: Nerium Odurum (श्वेत/रक्त पुष्प)        White and Red flowered variety Thevetia nerllifolia (पित्त पुष्प)          Yellow flowered variety Family - Apocynaceae Kingdom-Plantae Hindi name- Kaner English Name- Indian Oleander Sanskrit name-Haymarak,Haripriy, Ashwamaar,hayari External features- 1.Habitat- Found all over India as an evergreen shrub,commonly planted as an ornamental plants 2.Stem- Hard and woody 3.Leaves linear, lanceolate 10-20cm long. 4.Flowers are bell sha...
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List of Medicinal Plants (Dravyaguna) : names, Latin names and their family

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List of Medicinal Plants (Dravyaguna) : names, Latin names and their family  अहिफेन – Papaver somniferum  – Papaveraceae   अग्निमन्थ – Premna mucronata – Verbaenaceae   अगरु – Aquilaria agallocha – Thymelaeaceae   आमलकी – Emblica officinalis  – Euphorbiaceae   अपामार्ग – Achyranthes aspera – Amaranthaceae   आरग्वध – Cassia fistula – Leguminosae   आर्दक / शुण्ठी – Zingiber officinale – Zingiberaceae   अर्जुन – Terminalia arjuna – Combretaceae   अर्क – Calotropis procera – Asclepidaceae   अश्वगन्धा – Withania somnifera – Solanaceae   अश्वगोल – Plantago ovata – Plantaginaceae   अशोक – Saraca asoca – Caesalpiniodae   अतिविषा – Aconitum heterophyllum – Ranunculaceae   बाकुची – Psoralia corylifolia  – Leguminosae   अतिबला – Abutilon indicum ...
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FORENSIC THANATOLOGY ( Medicolegal Aspects of Death )

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FORENSIC THANATOLOGY ( Medicolegal Aspects of Death )   ..................... DEFINITION OF THANATOLOGY Thanatology is the branch of science which deals with study of death . DEFINITION OF DEATH  Death is cessation of life , permanent and complete stoppage of functions of the vital organs of the body Bishop's tripod of life - brain , heart & lungs .  MOMENT OF DEATH  stoppage of respiration  stoppage of circulation ,  brain death ,   brain death was then classified into -   Cortical death  Brain stem death   Total brain death  DIAGNOSIS OF DEATH  Stoppage of respiration  Absence of pulse  Absence of heart beat  Fixed dilated pupils  STAGES OF DEATH  As per Shapiro - there are 2 stages of death  Somatic / clinical / immediate / systemic / tissue death  Molecular / cellular death  1 ) Somatic death   It refers to death of tissue / system / body and is clinical ...
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Leprosy - a chronic infectious disease

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Leprosy - a chronic infectious disease Introduction • Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease. It is both a medical and a social problem .Because of deformities & disability, it leads to social stigma. • Leprosy, also known as Hansen disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. • The disease predominantly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Left untreated, the disease may cause progressive and permanent disabilities.   Historical Background • It is one of the oldest known disease. • It was first discovered by G.A Hansen in 1873. • The term "Leper" comes from a Greek word meaning scaly. • In Ayurveda it is described under Kushtha Roga, considered one of the most difficult to treat. • Many countries in Asia, Africa, and America with a significant number of cases. Epidemiology • Due to Multidrug Therapy (MDT), prevalence has reduced. • Still common in some Indian states:-  Uttarpradesh Bihar Odisha West Be...
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Diabetes : What is Diabetes

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INTRODUCTION  * Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.  * Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.  * If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complication Long-Term Complications   Heart Disease Heart Attack   Stroke   Chronic Kidney Failure   Foot Ulcer Infection & Gangrene   Eye Damage Diabetic Retinopathy Severe Diabetes Complications  Ketoacidosis (DKA) High Blood Sugar Ketones in Urine  Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma Extremely High Blood Sugar Severe Dehydration  Death   The number of people living with diabetes rose from 200 million in 1990 to 830 million in 2022. Prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low- and middle-income countries  In 2021, diabetes and kidney disease due to diabetes caused over 2 million deaths.   In addition, around 11% of cardiovasc...
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